China's administrative units are currently based on
a three-tier system, dividing the nation into provinces, counties
and townships: The country is divided into provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central
Government; A province or an autonomous region is subdivided
into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and /or
cities; A county or an autonomous county is subdivided into
townships, ethnic townships and/or towns. Municipalities directly under the Central Government
and large cities are subdivided into districts and counti es;
autonomous prefectures are subdivided into counties, autonomous
counties and cities. Autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and
autonomous counties are all ethnic autonomous areas. The Constitution specifically empowers the state to
establish special administrative regions when necessary. A special
administrative region is a local administrative area directly under
the Central Government. At the moment, China is divided into 23 provinces, 5
autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central
Government and 2 special administrative regions (see the following
table). China's Provinces, Autonomous
Regions, Centrally Administered Municipalities a nd Special
Administrative Regions *At the end of
2001
Administrative Division System
Name
Seat of Government
Area
(10,000 sq
km)Population*
(10,000
persons)
Beijing Municipality
Beijing
1.68
1,383
Tianjin Municipality
Tianjin
1.13
1,004
Hebei
Province
Shijiazhuang
19.00
6,699
Shanxi Province
Taiyuan
15.60
3,272
Inner Mongolia
Autonomous
RegionHohhot
118.30
2,377
Liaoning Province
Shenyang
14.57
4,194
Jilin Province
Changchun
18.70
2,691
Heilongjiang Province
Harbin
46.90
3,811
Shanghai Municipality
Shanghai
0.62
1,614
Jiangsu Province
Nanjing
10.26
7,355
Zhejiang Province
Hangzhou
10.18
4,613
Anhui Province
Hefei
13.90
6,328
Fujian Province
Fuzhou
12.00
3,440
Jiangxi
Province
Nanchang
16.66
4,186
Shandong Province
Jinan
15.30
9,041
Henan Province
Zhengzhou
16.70
9,555
Hubei Province
Wuhan
18.74
5,975
Hunan Province
Changsha
21.00
6,596
Guangdong Province
Guangzhou
18.60
7,783
Guangxi Zhuang
Autonomous
RegionNanning
23.63
4,788
Hainan Province
Haikou
3.40
796
Chongqing Municipality
Chongqing
8.20
3,097
Sichuan Province
Chengdu
48.80
8,640
Guizhou Province
Guiyang
17.00
3,799
Yunnan Province
Kunming
39.40
4,287
Tibet Autonomous Region
Lhasa
122.00
263
Shaanxi Province
Xi'an
20.50
3,659
Gansu Province
Lanzhou
45.00
2,575
Qinghai Province
Xining
72.00
523
Ningxia Hui Autonomous
Region
Yinchuan
6.64
563
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous
Region
Urumqi
16 0.00
1,876
Hong Kong Special
Administrative RegionHong Kong
0.1092
667(mid 2000)
Macao Special
Administrative
RegionMacao
0.0024
44(mid 2000)
Taiwan P rovince
3.60
2,228(at the end of 2000)
Major Cities
China had 663 cities by the end of 2000, of which 13 had populations of more than two million each in the urban area; 27, between one and two million; 53, between 500,000 and one million; 218, between 200,000 and 500,000; and 352, less than 200,000. Some of these are industrial cities that burgeoned along with the construction of key state projects, some are port cities with favorable conditions for the opening-up, and some are famous historical and cultural cities.
(Unit: 10,000 persons)
Shanghai 986.2 Beijing 760.7 Chongqing 660.9 Tianjin 532.5 Wuhan 441.1 Harbin 435.0 Shengyang 433.3 Guangzhou 436.1 Chengdu 345.9 Nanjing 309.5 Changchun 287.8 Xi’an 285.8 Dalian 275.4
In the course of city planning, China implements the principle of “strictly controlling the size of large cities, developing medium-sized cities rationally and developing small cities actively.” Medium-sized cities with populations of less than 500,000 and small cities with populations of less than 200,000 grew rapidly from the 1980s. And the large cities with populations of over one million have developed satellite cities and towns in a planned and positive way.
Beijing Beijing is a municipality directly under the Central Government and the capital of the PRC, with an urban population of 7.61 million. It is not only the nation’s political center, but also its cultural, scientific and educational center, and a key transportation hub. Situated on the north edge of the North China Plain, it is sheltered by chains of mountains to the west, north and east. Its southeastern part is a plain. Beijing’s temperate continental climate produces four clearly contrasted seasons: a short spring, rainy and humid summer, long and cold winter, and a very pleasant autumn.
Beijing emerged as a city as far back as the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century-770 B.C.), when it was known as Ji. During the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.), it was the capital of the State of Yan. Ji remained a city of strategic importance and a trade center for the north for well over a thousand years. Then, in the early 10th century, it became the secondary capital of the Liao Dynasty under the name of Yanjing. Between 1115 and 1911, it served in succession as the capital of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, thus becoming a storehouse of Chinese culture, and leaving many superb historical legacies, such as the Tiananmen Gatetower, the symbol of Beijing as well as of China; Tiananmen Square, the largest city square in the world; the former Imperial Palace (the “Forbidden City”), the largest and best-preserved ancient architectural complex in the world; and the Great Wall at Badaling, one of the “seven wonders of the world.” Of these, the former Imperial Palace, the Great Wall, the site of Peking Man at Zhoukoudian, the Summer Palace and the Temple of Heaven have been put on the World Cultural Heritage list by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Since 1949, when Beijing was designated as the capital of the PRC, especially since the 1980s, the urban construction of Beijing has developed at a high speed and tremendous changes have taken place in the city’s appearance. Now Beijing is really an international metropolis with many broad roads and tall buildings, remaining its feature of an ancient capital and also demonstrating the modern gracefulness.
Shanghai Shanghai, a municipality directly under the Central Government, is China’s largest city, with an urban population of 9.86 million. Advantageously located, Shanghai is halfway down China’s mainland coastline, where the Yangtze River empties into the sea. An important comprehensive industrial base and harbor, Shanghai plays an essential role in the national economy. Major industries include metallurgy, machine-building, shipbuilding, chemicals, electronics, meters, textiles and other light industries, in addition to its highly developed commerce, banking and ocean shipping industry. The Pudong New Zone, separated from the old city by the Huangpu River, is now undergoing vigorous development and construction. The opening and development of the Pudong New Zone is intended to build it, within several decades, into a modern, multi-functional, export-oriented district, on a par with the world’s best. This will lay the foundation for the transformation of Shanghai into an international economic, banking and trade center, and a modern international metropolis.
Tianjin Another municipality directly under the Central Government, Tianjin is a major industrial and commercial city in north China, with an urban population of 5.33 million. About 120 km from Beijing, Tianjin is an important port for ocean and offshore shipping, and foreign trade. Tianjin’s traditional industries include iron and steel, machine-building, chemicals, electric power, textiles, construction materials, paper-making and foodstuffs, plus some rising industries such as shipbuilding, automobile manufacturing, petroleum exploitation and processing, and the production of tractors, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, watches, TVs and cameras.
Chongqing Also a municipality directly under the Central Government, Chongqing is the largest industrial and commercial center in southwest China, and a hub of land and water transportation in the upper Yangtze valley, with an urban population of 6.61 million. Chongqing is a comprehensive industrial city, with advanced iron and steel, chemicals, electric power, automobile manufacturing, machine-building, shipbuilding, construction materials, textiles, foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals industries.